Throughout history, migration and refuge have been global phenomena driven by a multitude of factors. However, one actor plays an increasingly leading role in the displacement of millions of individuals around the world: the governments of anti-democratic countries.
The reasons for fleeing undemocratic countries are diverse: political and ethnic persecution, restrictions on civil liberties, humanitarian crises resulting from government neglect, the spread of violence and internal conflicts that tear entire communities apart.
Data from UNHCR indicate that the number of refugees and internationally displaced persons reached an alarming figure last year: more than 108 million people. This figure includes a significant proportion of migrants who have fled nations governed by authoritarian regimes or which disregard the fundamental rights of minorities, and have left for countries with more democratic regimes in search of protection to regain the dignity and security they have been denied.
But even though democratic regimes offer a more favorable environment compared to authoritarian countries, there are still a number of challenges and problems that these populations face:
Discrimination and xenophobia: Migrants and refugees often face discrimination and prejudice from local society through racism, xenophobia or hostility based on nationality or religion.
Language and cultural barriers: Adapting to a new country can be made difficult by language and cultural barriers. Lack of proficiency in the local language makes it difficult to obtain employment, access health services and integrate into the community.
Limited access to basic services: Migrants and refugees face difficulties in accessing basic services, such as health care, education and housing, due to bureaucratic barriers or lack of documentation.
Difficulties in regularizing documents: Many migrants face challenges in obtaining legal status in their new country. This can lead them to live underground for fear of being deported.
Exploration: Migrants in an irregular situation are often susceptible to exploitation by employers. They are subjected to precarious working conditions and are paid less than the minimum wage.
Challenges in the integration process: Integration into local society can be a long and challenging process. It involves adapting to the culture, establishing social support networks and building a stable life in the new country.
Risk of arbitrary detention and deportation: Migrants can be arbitrarily detained and face deportation due to restrictive immigration policies, even in democracies.
Denial of voting rights and participation in political debate in host countries: In many countries, the right of migrants and refugees to participate in political life is forbidden, even for those who have regular documents, which is a violation of political rights.